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Earthquakes and Volcanoes

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Earthquakes and Volcanoes</h2>
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Earthquakes</h2>
An earthquake is the shaking and trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Earth’s crust.<br />
The most common cause of earthquakes is faulting. During faulting, energy is released.  Rocks continue to move until the energy is used up.<br />
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Seismic Risk Map of the U.S.</h2>
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San Andreas Fault</h2>
The San Andreas fault extends 960 km from Mexico to the north of California.<br />
The land to the west is moving north.  The land to the east of the fault is moving south.  All the rocks do not move at the same time so earthquakes occur in one area and then another.<br />
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San Francisco Quake</h2>
In 1906, movement along the San Andreas fault caused an earthquake in San Francisco.<br />
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Tsunamis</h2>
Earthquakes which occur on the ocean floor produce giant sea waves called tsunamis.  Tsunamis can travel at speeds of 700 to 800 km per hour.  As they approach the coast, they can reach heights of greater than 20 meters.<br />
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Focus</h2>
Most faults occur between the surface and a depth of 70 kilometers.<br />
The point beneath the surface where the rocks break and move is called the focus. The focus is the underground origin of an earthquake.<br />
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Epicenter</h2>
Directly above the focus, on the Earth’s surface is the epicenter.  Earthquake waves reach the epicenter first.  During an earthquake, the most violent shaking is found at the epicenter.<br />
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Seismic Waves</h2>
There are three main types of seismic waves.<br />
Primary<br />
Secondary<br />
Surface<br />
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Primary Waves</h2>
Seismic waves that travel fastest are P waves.  They travel through solids, liquids and gases.<br />
They move at different speeds depending on the density of the material through which they are moving.  As they move deeper in the Earth they move faster.<br />
P waves are push-pull waves.<br />
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Secondary Waves</h2>
Seismic waves that do not travel through the Earth as fast as P waves do are called secondary or S waves.<br />
S waves travel through solids but not liquids or gases.<br />
S waves cause particles to move from side to side. They move at right angles to the direction of the wave.<br />
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Surface Waves</h2>
The slowest moving seismic waves are called surface waves or L waves.  <br />
L waves originate on the Earth’s surface at the epicenter.  They move along the surface the way waves travel in the ocean.  The Earth’s surface moves up and down with each L wave.<br />
L waves cause most of the damage.<br />
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The Seismograph</h2>
Invented in 1893 by John Milne, a seismograph detects and measures seismic waves.<br />
A weight attached to a spring remains nearly still even when the Earth moves.  A pen attached to the weight records any movement on a roll of paper on a constantly rotating drum. The drum moves with the Earth and affects the line.<br />
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Seismologists</h2>
Seismologists study earthquakes. They can determine the strength of an earthquake by the height of the wavy line recorded on the paper.<br />
The seismograph record of waves is called a seismogram.<br />
The Richter scale is used to calculate the strength of an earthquake.<br />
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The Richter Scale</h2>
The amount of damage created by an earthquake depends on several factors.<br />
The earthquake’s strength<br />
The kind of rock and soil that underlie an area<br />
The population of the area<br />
The kind of buildings in the area<br />
The time at which the earthquake occurs<br />
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Predicting Earthquakes</h2>
Scientists have identified warning signals the help predict earthquakes with greater accuracy.<br />
Often changes occur in the speed of P and S waves before an earthquake occurs.<br />
Sometimes slight changes in the tilt of the Earth’s surface can be detected.<br />
Some scientists believe animals behavior is affected.<br />
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Formation of a Volcano</h2>
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Magma</h2>
Deep within the Earth, under tremendous pressure and at great temperatures, rock exists as a hot liquid called magma.  This molten rock is found in pockets called magma chambers.<br />
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Lava</h2>
When the magma reaches the surface, it is called lava.  The place in the Earth’s surface through which magma and other materials reach the surface is called a volcano.  In some places, lava can build up to forma cone-shaped mountain.<br />
The opening from which lava erupts is the vent.  Volcanoes often have more than one vent.<br />
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Dark-Colored Lava</h2>
There are four types of lava.<br />
One is dark-colored and contains a lot of water. This is rich in iron and magnesium and cools to form igneous rocks such as basalt.  This lava is thin and runny and most tends to flow.  The islands of Hawaii and Iceland were formed by many lava flows.<br />
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Light-Colored Lava</h2>
The second type of lava is light in color. This lava, contains little water and is rich in silicon and aluminum. Light-colored lava causes explosive eruptions. Silicon tends to harden in the vents and form rocks.  Steam and new lava build up under the rocks.  When the pressure becomes great, a violent explosion occurs. When this type of lava cools it form the igneous rock, rhyolite, which resembles granite.<br />
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 Combination Lava</h2>
The third type of lava has a chemical composition similar to that of both the dark-colored type and the light-colored type.  Different varieties of igneous rocks in the Earth’s crust, such as andesite, are form from this type of lava.<br />
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Gaseous Lava</h2>
The fourth type of lava contains large amounts of gases such as steam and carbon dioxide.  When this lava hardens, it forms rocks with many holes in them, due to gas bubbles. Pumice and scoria are igneous rocks formed from this type of lava.<br />
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Volcanic Eruptions</h2>
During volcanic eruptions, many rock fragments are blown into the air. The smallest particles are called volcanic dust. (less than 0.25 mm)<br />Volcanic Ash ( 0.25 -5mm) falls to the Earth and forms small rocks.<br />Volcanic bombs (a few cm to several meters) are molten and harden as they travel through the air.<br />
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Types of Volcanoes</h2>
Different types of volcanic eruptions form different types of volcanoes.<br />Cinder cones<br />Shield volcanoes<br />Composite volcanoes<br />
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Three Types</h2>
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Cinder Cones</h2>
Volcanoes made mostly of cinders and other rock particles that have been blown into the air are called cinder cones.  Cinder cones form from explosive eruptions.  Because the material is loosely arranged, the cones are not high.  The have a narrow base and steep sides such as Paricutin in Mexico.<br />
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Cinder Cone Volcano</h2>
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Shield Volcanoes</h2>
Volcanoes composed of quiet flows are called shield volcanoes.  Because it is rummy, the lava flows over a large area.  After several eruptions, a dome-shaped mountain is formed such as Mauna Loa (4km over sea level) in the Hawaiian Islands.<br /><br />
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Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Earthquakes and Volcanoes Earthquakes An earthquake is the shaking and trembling that results from the sudden movement of part of the Ea...

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)</h2>
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Genetic material of cells…</h2>
GENES – units of genetic material that CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT<br />
Called NUCLEIC ACIDS<br />
DNA is made up of repeating molecules called NUCLEOTIDES<br />
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</h2>
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A HISTORY OF DNA </h2>
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SEE p. 292-293<br />
Discovery of the DNA double helix<br />
    A.  Frederick Griffith – Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria     (1928)<br />
    B.    Rosalind Franklin - X-ray photo of DNA.<br />
    C.    Watson and Crick - described the         DNA molecule from Franklin’s X-ray.<br />
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Watson & Crick proposed…</h2>
 DNA had specific pairing between the     nitrogen bases:<br />
ADENINE – THYMINE<br />
CYTOSINE - GUANINE<br />
CYTOSINE - GUANINE<br />
DNA was made of 2 long stands of     nucleotides arranged in a specific way     called the “Complementary Rule”<br />
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DNA Double Helix</h2>
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DNA Double Helix</h2>
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Nitrogenous Bases</h2>
PURINES<br />
    1.    Adenine (A)<br />
    2.    Guanine (G)<br />
PYRIMIDINES<br />
    3.    Thymine (T)<br />
    4.    Cytosine (C)<br />
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Chargaff’s Rule</h2>
Adenine must pair with Thymine<br />
Guanine must pair with Cytosine<br />
Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same.<br />
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BASE-PAIRINGS</h2>
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 Genetic Diversity…</h2>
Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms.<br />
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The Code of Life…</h2>
The “code” of the chromosome is the SPECIFIC ORDER that bases occur.<br />
A T C G T A T G C G G…<br />
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DNA Replication </h2>
DNA must be copiedThe DNA molecule produces   2 IDENTICAL new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing: <br />
A-T, G-C<br />
Each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for the new strand   See p. 298<br />
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DNA Replication</h2>
Semiconservative Model:<br />
    1.    Watson and Crick showed: the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a     new complementary strand.<br />
Parental DNA<br />
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Replication Quiz</h2>
1.  Why is replication necessary?<br />
2.  When does replication occur?<br />
3.  Describe how replication works.<br />
Use the complementary rule to<br />
     create the complementary strand:     <br />
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Replication Quiz</h2>
1.  Why is replication necessary?<br />
    So both new cells will have the correct DNA<br />
2.  When does replication occur?<br />
During interphase (S phase).<br />
3.  Describe how replication works.<br />
Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary nucleotides join each original strand.<br />
4.  Use the complementary rule to <br />
         create the complementary strand:<br />
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(1961) Watson & Crick proposed…</h2>
…DNA controlled cell function by serving as a template for PROTEIN structure.<br />
3 Nucleotides = a triplet or CODON<br />
(which code for a specific AMINO ACID)<br />
See p.303<br />
AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks of proteins.<br />
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DNA Transcription</h2>
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DNA can “unzip” itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand.<br />
Both DNA & RNA are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and are called  NUCLEIC acids.<br />
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DNA Translation</h2>
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The cell uses information from “messenger” RNA to produce proteins <br />
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Transcription/Translation Quiz</h2>
Why is transcription necessary?<br />
Describe transcription.<br />
Why is translation necessary?<br />
Describe translation.<br />
What are the main differences between DNA and RNA.<br />
Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons:<br />
<h2>
    1.  Why is transcription necessary?</h2>
    Transcription makes messenger RNA (MRNA) to carry the code for proteins out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. <br />
2.  Describe transcription.<br />
    RNA polymerase binds to DNA, separates the strands, then uses one strand as a template to assemble MRNA.<br />
3.  Why is translation necessary?<br />
    Translation assures that the right amino acids are joined together by peptides to form the correct protein.<br />
4.  Describe translation.    <br />
    The cell uses information from MRNA to produce proteins.<br />
5.  What are the main differences between DNA and RNA.<br />
    DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA has 2 strands, RNA has one strand; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil.    <br />
Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC<br />
<h2>
AMAZING DNA FACTS…</h2>
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DNA from a single human cell extends in a single thread for almost 2 meters long!!!<br />
It contains information equal to some 600,000 printed pages of 500 words each!!!   <br />
(a library of about 1,000 books)<br />
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LET’S REVIEW DNA… LM p.44</h2>
List the conclusions Griffith & Avery, Hershey & Chase drew from their experiments.<br />Summarize the relationship between genes & DNA.<br />Describe the overall structure of the DNA molecule.<br />What are the 4 kinds of bases?<br /><br />
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 </h2>

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Genetic material of cells… GENES – units of genetic material that CODES FOR A SPECIFIC TRAIT Called NUCLE...

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<h2>
        You have just entered the </h2>
           Creative Writing<br />
        lab<br />          8th and 9th <br />

<br />
                         grade<br />          Mrs. Betts<br /><h2>
           This semester         you will learn</h2>
   * How to write in different genre<br />   * Computer skills<br />   * More than you ever thought possible<br />
<h2>
         Sentence Structure</h2>
Subject and predicate <br />Various structures<br />Different beginnings<br />Punctuation<br />NTSBWTSW<br />
<h2>
                Paragraphing</h2>
Topic Sentence<br />At least 3 supporting sentences<br />Conclusion<br />
<h2>
       Types of paragraphs </h2>
Descriptive<br />Character sketch<br />Information<br />Persuasion<br />
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<h2>
              Writing projects</h2>
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Paragraphs<br />Short stories<br />Children’s stories<br />Poetry <br />Writing portfolio<br /><br />
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</h2>
<h2>
        Teacher expectations</h2>
Come to class prepared      <br />       *pencil<br />       *writing notebook<br />No homework out of class<br />       *must work in class<br />All writing done in Computer lab<br />Positive attitude<br />You will become a better  writer<br />We will have fun!<br />This will be your favorite class !<br /><br />
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You have just entered the Creative Writing lab 8th and 9th grade ...

Tigers

<h2>
Tigers</h2>
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On the next page, you will see information about tigers. There are four paragraphs altogether. Read the text carefully, then click the yellow button.<br />You will then see some questions. All the answers are in the text - did you read it carefully? Click your chosen answer.<br />
<h2>
 Tigers</h2>
Tigers belong to the cat family. They can be found in the cold, snowy environments of Siberia. Here they have long, thick fur to keep them warm. They also live in warm places such as jungles in India.<br />Tigers do not live in herds or packs like some animals but hunt on their own.<br />A male tiger is bigger than a female tiger but apart from this they look the same. They have orange fur and black stripes. The stripes help them to hide in the grass and in the trees. Some tigers have white fur but there are not many of these in the world.<br />Tigers rest in the day and hunt at night. They like to catch deer and wild pig but they will eat almost any animal. Tigers are not really fast runners so they have to creep very close to their prey and then pounce.<br />
<h2>
Tigers</h2>
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 1) True or false? – A female tiger is bigger than a male tiger.<br />a) True b) False<br />
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Correct – well done!</h2>
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A male tiger is bigger than a female tiger but apart from this they look the same.<br />
<h2>
 Tigers</h2>
Tigers belong to the cat family. They can be found in the cold, snowy environments of Siberia. Here they have long, thick fur to keep them warm. They also live in warm places such as jungles in India.<br />Tigers do not live in herds or packs like some animals but hunt on their own.<br />A male tiger is bigger than a female tiger but apart from this they look the same. They have orange fur and black stripes. The stripes help them to hide in the grass and in the trees. Some tigers have white fur but there are not many of these in the world.<br />Tigers rest in the day and hunt at night. They like to catch deer and wild pig but they will eat almost any animal. Tigers are not really fast runners so they have to creep very close to their prey and then pounce.<br />
<h2>
Tigers</h2>
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Now draw a habitat for tigers, using the ‘Paint’ program on your computer. The information in the comprehension will help you.<br />Congratulations on completing the quiz!<br /><br />
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Tigers

Tigers On the next page, you will see information about tigers. There are four paragraphs altogether. Read the text carefully, then clic...

The COIL and the wonderful properties of INDUCTANCE

<h2>
The COIL and the wonderful properties of INDUCTANCE</h2>
A tale of two properties….Electricity Makes Magnetism?<br />Magnetism Makes Electricity???<br />Electricity Makes Magnetism Makes Electricity?????<br />
<h2>
What is Magnetism?</h2>
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The magnet is surrounded by an invisible force field<br />All magnets have a North and South POLE<br />Opposite poles attracted each other<br />All ferrous (containing iron) materials can be magnetized<br /> The earth is the biggest magnet around<br />
<h2>
Earths as a magnet</h2>
The iron core of the earth allows a magnetic field to be created<br />
<h2>
"Heavy Metal" Attraction</h2>
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<h2>
Joseph Henry’s Bigger and “Badder” Electromagnet<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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The COIL and the wonderful properties of INDUCTANCE

The COIL and the wonderful properties of INDUCTANCE A tale of two properties….Electricity Makes Magnetism? Magnetism Makes Electricity??? ...

CLASSIFICATION

<h2>
CLASSIFICATION</h2>
What is does the word classify mean?Classify -    to group things according to                 similar/different features                 (structures) that they share <br />“Science” of classification is called taxonomy<br />
<h2>
Classification:  Living things vs. Nonliving things </h2>
Properties of Nonliving Things<br />(Property- A quality/trait/feature that describes object)<br />Not made of cells<br />  Do not carry out life activities<br />Do not move by themselves<br />Do not develop and reproduce<br />
<h2>
Classification:  Living things vs. Nonliving things </h2>
Properties of Living Things<br />Carries out basic life activities<br />Move, grow, and reproduce<br />Senses and reacts to their environment<br />Organism-  A living thing that can carry               out all of the basic life activities<br />
<h2>
WHAT’S IN A NAME?</h2>
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Scientists have a system for naming all the living organisms on earth.<br />The system was created by a Swedish scientist named Carolus Linnaeus <br />Developed over 200 years ago<br />He gave each organism a two-word Latin name (Binomial Nomenclature) <br /><br />
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<h2>
Linneaus’ System of Scientific Names</h2>
Each species of a living thing is given a DOUBLE NAME<br />    EX:    Just like your first and last name<br />First Name (Genus)    <br />Tells which group of similar species the living thing belongs to<br />Second Name (Species)<br />Tells the name of the one particular species in that genus<br />
<h2>
Linneaus’ System of Scientific Names</h2>
Example: Scientific Name for a dog            Canis familiaris<br />Scientific Name for a Timber Wolf        Canis lupus<br />Scientific Name for a Coyote            Canis latrans<br />Notice that the word Canis is used in all of these names. This is the   Latin word for DOG.<br />It is used as the genus name because these animals are all dog-like animals<br />The second name, species, indicates the particular type of dog<br />
<h2>
Linneau’s System of Scientific Names</h2>
Binomial Nomenclature - Rules<br />Example: Canis familiaris <br />1.  First letter of first word (genus) is always capitalized<br />2.  First letter of second word (species) is not capitalized<br />Both words are italicized or<br />DO NOT underline space between words!!! <br />
<h2>
How Are Living Things Classified?</h2>
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There are 7 levels in the classification system of organisms<br />As one goes from the Kingdom to the Species (DOWNWARD)…An increase in the similarity between organisms occur <br />There are fewer numbers of different kinds of organisms <br />
<h2>
How Are Living Things Classified Cont’d?</h2>
Kingdom:  The highest level <br />Phylum:  A subdivision of a kingdom<br />Class:  Each phylum is divided into classes<br />Order:  Each class is divided into orders<br />Family:  Each order is divided into families<br />Genus:  Each family is divided into genera<br />Species:  Lowest level (represents a single type of organism)<br />
<h2>
How Are Living Things Classified Cont’d?</h2>
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Homework:  Write an original catch phrase for the categories of classification so that each word in the phrase begins with the letter of the category in their correct order from largest to smallest<br />
<h2>
How Are Living Things Classified Cont’d?</h2>
Assignment: Write-out, highlight, and then following questions about how living things are classified.<br />1.  Who was Carolus Linneaus?<br />2.  Define property.<br />3.  Give one example of a property.<br />4.  List the 7 levels of classification starting with the largest group.<br />5.  What is binomial nomenclature?<br />6.  List the three rules of binomial nomenclature.<br /><br />
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CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION What is does the word classify mean?Classify - to group things according to similar/different features ...

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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Tigers

The COIL and the wonderful properties of INDUCTANCE

CLASSIFICATION

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