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Eclipse

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Eclipse</h2>
A Presentation to Astronomy Ireland<br />By: David Grennan, 27th February 2006<br />
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Solar Eclipses - Past, Present, and Future.</h2>
Eclipse Mythology<br />Chinese, Hindu, Egyptian, Impact on modern day<br />science and religion.<br />Mechanics of Solar Eclipses<br />Why eclipses occur.<br />Types of Eclipse.<br />Phases of an eclipse.<br />Shadows <br />Bailys Beads.<br />Diamond Ring.<br />Temperature<br />Corona.<br />Prominences.<br />
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Solar Eclipses - Past, Present, and Future.</h2>
Safely Viewing Eclipses<br />Eclipse, March 29, 2006 a guide.<br />Using computer simulations<br />Eclipse from Ireland.<br />Eclipse from Turkey.<br />Eclipse from Space<br />Future Eclipses<br />Important Eclipses present – 2030<br />The 'almost' total eclipse of 2015 from Ireland.<br />
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Eclipse Lore and Mythology</h2>
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"Nothing there is beyond hope, nothing that can be sworn impossible,<br />nothing wonderful, since Zeus, father of the Olympians,<br />made night from mid-day, hiding the light of the shining Sun,<br />and sore fear came upon men." Archilochus (c.710 - 676 BC)<br />
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Eclipse Lore and Mythology</h2>
Our ancestors saw eclipses as evil omens, often as portents<br />
of some catastrophic event or a sign from their deities.<br />The earliest recorded eclipse was in China on <br />October 22, 2134 BC.  The two court astrologers to the<br />Emporer lost their heads because, they had failed to predict it<br />The Babylonians were the first to calculate the regular<br />intervals at which eclipses occur.<br />Thales of Miletus predicted a solar eclipse that marked<br />the beginning of the Greek scientific/philosophic era.<br />
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Eclipse Lore and Mythology</h2>
Word eclipse comes from a Greek word, “ekleipsis”<br />meaning abandonment.<br />There is a story that suggests Christopher Columbus used his<br />Knowledge of an upcoming lunar eclipse to great effect.<br />
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Ancient China</h2>
People of ancient China were convinced that eclipses<br />Occurred because a great dragon (or toad, or dog) was<br />Devouring the Sun.<br />They made load noises, banged implements etc to scare<br />Away the dragon.<br />As total eclipses can only last a maximum of 7 ½ minutes<br />There raucous behaviour always had the desired effect.<br />
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Ancient China</h2>
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Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD)<br />
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Hindu Folklore</h2>
According to Hindu mythology, the eclipse represents<br />the demons Rahu and Keta locked in celestial combat and<br />eating the Sun. <br />
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Hindu Folklore</h2>
The Gods were drinking the elixir of immortality.<br />The demon Rahu slipped into their midst and stole a sip.<br />Surya (the sun) and Soma (the moon) reported the incident<br />to the great deity Vishnu.<br />Vishnu promptly sought out the impudent Rahu<br />and lopped off his head.<br />But having become deathless, Rahu survived and to this day<br />seeks revenge on the tattletales by devouring them.<br />
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Ancient Egypt</h2>
The egyptian word for eclipse is ‘Akhet’<br />King Akhenaten (1356-1338 BC) built his capital according<br />to the totality path of the solar eclipse of 08/15/-1351.<br />The Pharaoh named his new residence 'Akhet Aten'.<br />The name of the city means: 'The Eclipse of Aten'.<br />The name of the Giza Sphinx was 'Hor in the Akhet‘<br />Many different ancient egyptian sun cults saw eclipses<br />Differently.  Many refer to a serpent eating the Sun God.<br />Most however refer to a great hawk stealing RA’s glory.<br />
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Eclipses and Religion</h2>
Many hindus to this day immerse themselves in holy rivers<br />And lakes during solar eclipses.<br />Working during eclipses is considered bad luck.<br />Muslim tradition holds that the prophet Mohammed,<br />the founder of Islam, prayed for the duration of an eclipse.<br />Senior muslim clerics issued an edict forbidding people to<br />look at the Sun directly because it transgresses Islamic law<br />to harm oneself.<br />Druids believe eclipse represents man and woman together.<br />
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Eclipses and Religion</h2>
Luke 23:44-48 “And it was about the sixth hour, and there<br />was a darkness over all the earth until the ninth hour.  And the sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple<br />was rent in the midstSome suggest a solar eclipse as an explaination for<br />The ‘darkness’ however the facts don’t lend credance.<br />
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Mechanics of Solar Eclipses</h2>
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Solar eclipse of<br />11 Aug 1999<br />From MIR<br />Spacestation.<br />
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Mechanics of Solar Eclipses</h2>
Todo insert flash file.<br />
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Total Eclipse</h2>
Although a total eclipse refers to a specific event, the events leading<br />Up to ‘totality’ and following it also hold much interest.<br />Partial Phase<br />Shadows<br />Bailys Beads<br />Diamond Ring<br />
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TotalityPartial Phase</h2>
During the partial phase there are many interesting things to note.<br />First Contact.<br />Eclipse increasing in magnitude.<br />Temperature.<br />Increasing Darkness<br />Shadow Bands<br />Crescent Shadows<br />Creatures settling believing night is imminent<br />Moons shadow racing from the west(ish).<br />Bailys Beads<br />Diamond Ring<br />
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First Contact.</h2>
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The moment when the western limb of the Moon contacts the<br />Eastern limb of the Sun.<br />First contact is not directly<br />Visible, however very shortly<br />Afterwards a little ‘bite’ is<br />Taken from the Sun.<br />
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 </h2>
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Increasing Darkness </h2>
With the decrease in the area of Sun presented to us<br />Ambient light levels fall.<br />Most noticeable in the latter stages of the eclipse.<br />Video from west Africa showing this dramatically.<br />
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Shadow Bands</h2>
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Caused by distortions in the Earth’s atmosphere and the partially<br />Eclipsed Sun.<br />Best seen on a pale coloured<br />Wall or concrete pavement.<br />
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Crescent Shadows</h2>
Note shadows cast by irregularly shaped objects such as leaves<br />From trees.<br />
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The Hybrid Eclipse.</h2>
The official explaination!<br />“A hybrid eclipse is a unique type of central eclipse where parts<br />of the path are annular while other parts are total.<br />This duality comes about when the vertex of the Moon's umbral<br />shadow pierces Earth's surface at some points, but falls short<br />of the planet along other portions of the eclipse path.<br />The curvature of Earth's surface brings some geographic locations<br />along the path into the umbra while other positions are more distant<br />and enter the antumbral rather than umbral shadow.”<br />
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The Hybrid Eclipse.</h2>
In practice!<br />
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Eclipse Safety</h2>
Directly looking at the Sun,<br />even for a short time,<br />CAN PERMANENTLY<br />DAMAGE YOU EYESIGHT<br /><br />
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Eclipse

Eclipse A Presentation to Astronomy IrelandBy: David Grennan, 27th February 2006 Solar Eclipses - Past, Present, and Future. Eclipse MythologyChinese, Hindu, Egyptian, Impact on modern dayscience and…

11 Jun 2014

What are Earthquakes

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What are Earthquakes?</h2>
The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy<br />Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks<br />Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks<br />
<h2>
What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?</h2>
Explains how energy is stored in rocks<br />Rocks bend until the strength of the rock is exceeded<br />Rupture occurs and the rocks quickly rebound to an undeformed shape<br />Energy is released in waves that radiate outward from the fault<br />
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The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake</h2>
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The point within Earth where faulting begins is the focus, or hypocenter<br />The point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter<br />
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Seismographs record earthquake events</h2>
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 At convergent boundaries, focal depth increases along a dipping seismic zone called a Benioff zone<br />
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Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often?</h2>
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~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt<br />most of these result from convergent margin activity<br />~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt<br />remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and on spreading ridge centers<br />more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to be felt are recorded each year<br />
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The Economics and Societal Impacts of EQs</h2>
Building collapse<br />Fire<br /> Tsunami<br />Ground failure<br />
<h2>
What are Seismic Waves?</h2>
Response of material to the arrival of energy fronts released by rupture<br />Two types:<br /> Body waves<br />P and S<br />Surface waves<br />R and L<br />
<h2>
Body Waves: P and S waves</h2>
Body waves<br />P or primary waves<br />fastest waves<br />travel through solids, liquids, or gases<br />compressional wave, material movement is in the same direction as wave movement<br />S or secondary waves<br />slower than P waves<br />travel through solids only<br />shear waves - move material perpendicular to wave movement<br />
<h2>
Surface Waves: R and L waves</h2>
Surface Waves<br />Travel just below or along the ground’s surface<br />Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side movement<br />Especially damaging to buildings<br />
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How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?</h2>
     Seismic wave behavior<br />P waves arrive first, then S waves, then L and R<br />Average speeds for all these waves is known<br />
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After an earthquake, the difference in arrival times at a seismograph station can be used to calculate the distance from the seismograph to the epicenter.<br />
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How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?</h2>
Time-distance graph showing the average travel times for P- and S-waves. The farther away a seismograph is from the focus of an earthquake, the longer the interval between the arrivals of the P- and S- waves<br />
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How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located?</h2>
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Three seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake<br />A circle where the radius equals the distance to the epicenter is drawn<br />The intersection of the circles locates the epicenter <br />
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How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured?</h2>
subjective measure of the kind of damage done and people’s reactions to it<br />isoseismal lines identify areas of equal intensity<br />Modified Mercalli Intensity Map<br />1994 Northridge, CA earthquake, magnitude 6.7<br />
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How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured?</h2>
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Magnitude<br />Richter scale measures total amount of energy released by an earthquake; independent of intensity<br />Amplitude of the largest wave produced by an event is corrected for distance and assigned a value on an open-ended logarithmic scale<br />
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What are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes?</h2>
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Ground Shaking<br />amplitude, duration, and damage increases in poorly consolidated rocks<br />
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Can Earthquakes be Predicted?</h2>
Earthquake Precursors <br />changes in elevation or tilting of land surface, fluctuations in groundwater levels, magnetic field, electrical resistance of the ground<br />seismic dilatancy model<br />seismic gaps<br />
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Can Earthquakes be Predicted?</h2>
Earthquake Prediction Programs<br />include laboratory and field studies of rocks before, during, and after earthquakes<br />monitor activity along major faults<br />produce risk assessments<br />
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Can Earthquakes be Controlled?</h2>
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Graph showing the relationship between the amount of waste injected into wells per month and the average number of Denver earthquakes per month<br />Some have suggested that pumping fluids into seismic gaps will cause small earthquakes while preventing large ones<br /><br />
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What are Earthquakes

What are Earthquakes? The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energyUsually associated with faulting or breaking of rocksContinuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks What…

11 Jun 2014

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